sheval: An RDF data shapes evaluation tool and test-suite for recursive shapes

Shqiponja Ahmetaj; Iovka Boneva; Jan Hidders; Maxime Jakubowski; Jose-Emilio Labra-Gayo; Wim Martens; Filip Murlak; Cem Okulmus; Ognjen Savković; Mantas Šimkus; Dominik Tomaszuk

arXiv · 2609.05944

sheval: An RDF data shapes evaluation tool and test-suite for recursive shapes

Shqiponja Ahmetaj·Iovka Boneva·Jan Hidders·Maxime Jakubowski·Jose-Emilio Labra-Gayo·Wim Martens·Filip Murlak·Cem Okulmus·Ognjen Savković·Mantas Šimkus·Dominik Tomaszuk

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Abstract

Two different languages have been developed to validate RDF data based on the concept of a shape: ShEx and SHACL. In each language it is possible to define a shape that refers to itself, which is called a recursive shape. While in the case of ShEx, the semantics of recursive shapes is well defined and is part of the specification, in the case of SHACL, the semantics of recursive shapes is left to the implementation of the different SHACL engines. Consequently, the different SHACL engines show different behaviours when confronted with recursive shapes. In this paper we present sheval: an evaluation framework consisting of a tool and a test suite that can be used to compare the behaviour of different shapes technologies when confronted with recursive definitions. The tool has been used to evaluate and understand the differences in the implementation of recursive shapes in ShEx and SHACL. It provides a framework for testing and comparing the behaviour of different shape engines, helping to identify inconsistencies and potential issues, and providing a basis for further research and development in the field of shape-based validation of RDF data.

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Shqiponja Ahmetaj, Iovka Boneva, Jan Hidders, Maxime Jakubowski, Jose-Emilio Labra-Gayo, Wim Martens, Filip Murlak, Cem Okulmus, Ognjen Savković, Mantas Šimkus, Dominik Tomaszuk. 2026-09-05. sheval: An RDF data shapes evaluation tool and test-suite for recursive shapes. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05944

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