On the Brill--Noether Theory of Sheaves on Regular Surfaces

Abstract

We study the Brill--Noether theory of higher rank sheaves on surfaces $X$ with $H^1(X,\mathcal{O}_X) = 0$ and its interactions with the classical Brill--Noether theory of line bundles on curves lying on $X$. Denoting by $\mathrm{Spl}(v)$ the moduli space of simple sheaves on $X$ with Chern character $v = (r,c_1,\mathrm{ch}_2)$, we introduce the Brill--Noether loci $BN^k(v)^\circ \subseteq \mathrm{Spl}(v)$ of \emph{generically $k$-generated} sheaves and show, under assumptions on $c_1$ and $K_X$, certain well-behavedness results. In particular, if $c_1$ is \emph{indecomposable} and $X$ is a K3 surface, we generalize a Brill--Noether theorem for sheaves on K3s due to Yoshioka. This is achieved by employing He's deformation theory of the moduli space of coherent systems and a globalization of the Lazarsfeld--Mukai construction, providing a correspondence between the Brill--Noether theories of generically $r$-generated sheaves on $X$ and that of line bundles on curves $C \in |c_1|$. The same techniques yield upper bounds on the dimension of $\mathcal{W}^{r,\mathrm{bpf}}_d(|c_1|) \setminus \mathcal{W}^{r+1}_d(|c_1|)$ consisting of basepoint-free line bundles in terms of the number of endomorphisms of associated Lazarsfeld--Mukai bundles, for arbitrary $c_1$. This generalizes a result of Aprodu and Farkas in the context of Green's conjecture beyond K3 surfaces. In the case $r = 1$ of pencils, we obtain smoothness and expected-dimension results under an effectivity condition on $-K_X|_C$ for $C \in |c_1|$.