Learning Adaptive SED for heterogeneous load balancing

Sanne van Kempen; Jaron Sanders; Fiona Sloothaak; Maarten G. Wolf

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arXiv · 2609.06881

Learning Adaptive SED for heterogeneous load balancing

Sanne van Kempen·Jaron Sanders·Fiona Sloothaak·Maarten G. Wolf

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Abstract

We study a two-server load balancing system with heterogeneous service rates that are a priori unknown to the dispatcher. The goal is to route customers according to the Shortest--Expected--Delay (SED) policy, but this requires knowledge of the service rates. Empirical policies that route based on estimates perform poorly: due to estimation error, the empirical policy disagrees with the oracle on an infinite region of the state space. We propose an online learning algorithm that converges to SED while learning the service rates. The algorithm carefully balances empirical SED routing with forced exploration phases that guarantee sufficient sampling of both servers. We prove that our algorithm achieves finite regret; this differs from classical Multi-Armed Bandit settings where regret typically grows logarithmically in time. Finally, numerical experiments demonstrate the performance of our algorithm and highlight the regimes in which forced exploration is especially beneficial.

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Sanne van Kempen, Jaron Sanders, Fiona Sloothaak, Maarten G. Wolf. 2026-09-07. Learning Adaptive SED for heterogeneous load balancing. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06881

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