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arXiv · 2609.08341

TV-Regulated OPD: Direction Matters in On-Policy Distillation

Han Xiao·Yifan Niu·Dongyi Liu·Chang Luo·Jia Li
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Abstract

On-Policy Distillation (OPD) facilitates the transfer of knowledge from domain expert to student in the post-training phase of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the supervision signals in mainstream OPD methods suffer from high variance and noise which is generally instable during training. In this work, we systematically investigated what really matters to the performance and the fundamental mechanisms behind the instability during training. We found that retaining only the sign of token-level advantages is sufficient to achieve the performance comparable to standard OPD. Meanwhile, smoother and bounded advantages can stabilize the training process without sacrificing its performance. These motivated us to shape the advantages using the Total Variation (TV) and propose a robust TV regulated On-Policy Distillation (TV-OPD) method. Benefiting from the bounded and diminished advantages, TV-OPD exhibits stable training dynamics and steady late-stage performance. We conducted comprehensive experiments and found that, across various settings, TV-OPD consistently achieved better performance and lower variance in the late-stage of training.

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Han Xiao, Yifan Niu, Dongyi Liu, Chang Luo, Jia Li. 2026-09-08. TV-Regulated OPD: Direction Matters in On-Policy Distillation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.08341

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