XUE. ProDiMo models of internally and externally irradiated planet-forming disks around 0.3-4.0 solar mass stars (The IRIS project I)

Jenny Frediani; Konstantin V. Getman; Peter Woitke; Bayron Portilla-Revelo; Eric D. Feigelson; Christian Rab; Arjan Bik; María Claudia Ramírez-Tannus; Rens Waters; Thomas Henning; Inga Kamp; Germán Chaparro; Sebastián Hernández; Simón Rodríguez; Pablo Cuartas-Restrepo; Andrew Winter; Thomas J. Haworth; Thomas Preibisch; Sierk E. van Terwisga; Veronica Roccatagliata; Alexis Brandeker

arXiv · 2609.08621

XUE. ProDiMo models of internally and externally irradiated planet-forming disks around 0.3-4.0 solar mass stars (The IRIS project I)

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Abstract

Most stars and planets form in massive star-forming regions, where disks are exposed to external far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation from nearby O- and B-type stars. The combined effects of stellar irradiation and external FUV fields on terrestrial planet-forming regions (< 10 au) across stellar masses remain unclear. We investigate how internal UV and X-ray irradiation and external FUV fields affect mid-infrared (mid-IR) gas emission and the atmospheric carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratios inferred in T Tauri and Herbig Ae/Be disks. We compute disk structures with ProDiMo and synthetic spectra with FLiTs, convolved to a representative JWST/MIRI-MRS resolution (R$\sim$2680). (1) We present the Internal and external irRadIation of diSks (IRIS) grid: four model sets spanning stellar masses of 0.3-4.0 solar masses, including stellar X-ray flares and an external FUV field of 1e4 G0 (Habing units). (2) We predict increasing flux densities with stellar mass for key atomic and molecular mid-IR tracers. (3) External FUV irradiation enhances CH3+ and H2 emission, whereas FUV-induced disk truncation yields inner disk chemistry resembling that of disks irradiated only by their host stars. (4) Mid-IR H2O, CO2, and C2H2 line ratios imply carbon-rich compositions (C/O$\sim$1-10) in the warm emitting layers of T Tauri and Herbig Ae/Be disks, primarily reflecting stellar irradiation, with little sensitivity to external FUV irradiation. The IRIS grid provides a flexible framework for interpreting JWST and future Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) infrared disk observations across a broad range of stellar properties and irradiation conditions. Future models should include FUV-driven photoevaporative winds, X-ray radiative transfer, and time-dependent X-ray irradiation.

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Jenny Frediani, Konstantin V. Getman, Peter Woitke, Bayron Portilla-Revelo, Eric D. Feigelson, Christian Rab, Arjan Bik, María Claudia Ramírez-Tannus, Rens Waters, Thomas Henning, Inga Kamp, Germán Chaparro, Sebastián Hernández, Simón Rodríguez, Pablo Cuartas-Restrepo, Andrew Winter, Thomas J. Haworth, Thomas Preibisch, Sierk E. van Terwisga, Veronica Roccatagliata, Alexis Brandeker. 2026-09-08. XUE. ProDiMo models of internally and externally irradiated planet-forming disks around 0.3-4.0 solar mass stars (The IRIS project I). https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.08621

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