Quantum Variational Approaches to Plasma Equilibrium: Cost Function Design for the Grad-Shafranov Equation

Abstract

The solution of nonlinear partial differential equations constitutes an important application domain for variational quantum algorithms (VQAs). In this work, we extend the application of VQAs to plasma physics by solving the two-dimensional Grad-Shafranov equation, which describes the equilibrium state of a plasma fluid within the framework of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. For this problem, we develop and investigate two distinct cost function formulations and compare their performance in terms of solution fidelity, convergence speed and quantum resource requirements. Our results, obtained from noiseless simulations, show that the choice of cost function formulation significantly affects the performance of the variational algorithm. The Weak and Picard formulations exhibit complementary characteristics: the former consistently converges faster, whereas the latter achieves slightly lower final infidelities. Exploiting these complementary properties, we introduce a hybrid optimization strategy that combines the rapid initial convergence of the Weak formulation with the higher final accuracy of the Picard formulation. In addition, the two approaches display different quantum resource requirements due to their distinct implementations of boundary conditions. These results highlight the importance of cost function design in the development of efficient VQAs for nonlinear partial differential equations.