Entropy spectroscopy of a tunable two-site Hubbard molecule

Uhjin Kim; Seokyeong Lee; Gibum Yun; Dongsung T. Park; Soobeom Choi; Sangwoo Jeong; Donghoon Kim; V. Umansky; Yunchul Chung; Hyoungsoon Choi; H. -S. Sim; Hyung Kook Choi

arXiv · 2609.17818

Entropy spectroscopy of a tunable two-site Hubbard molecule

Uhjin Kim·Seokyeong Lee·Gibum Yun·Dongsung T. Park·Soobeom Choi·Sangwoo Jeong·Donghoon Kim·V. Umansky·Yunchul Chung·Hyoungsoon Choi·H. -S. Sim·Hyung Kook Choi

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Abstract

Determining which microscopic states remain thermally active when tunneling and interactions compete is a central question in Hubbard physics. Here we develop an entropy measurement protocol for a double quantum dot, extending the charge-based approach established for a single dot, and measure the total entropy of a tunable two-site Hubbard molecule realized in a GaAs double dot. By shifting both dot levels together at fixed detuning, the entropy is correctly probed with only a single charge sensor. As interdot tunneling increases, the system evolves from two atomic-like dots through hybridized molecular states to a merged single dot. Across this evolution, the entropy decreases as tunnel-induced energy splitting exceeds the thermal energy and suppresses the occupation of higher-energy states. The measurements resolve the diminishing contribution of antibonding states and the changing thermal contributions of hybridized singlet and triplet states, in quantitative agreement with a two-site Hubbard model. By distinguishing states with the same charge configuration but different orbital and spin content, entropy reveals how tunneling and interactions determine the thermally active states of the minimal Hubbard system.

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Uhjin Kim, Seokyeong Lee, Gibum Yun, Dongsung T. Park, Soobeom Choi, Sangwoo Jeong, Donghoon Kim, V. Umansky, Yunchul Chung, Hyoungsoon Choi, H. -S. Sim, Hyung Kook Choi. 2026-09-15. Entropy spectroscopy of a tunable two-site Hubbard molecule. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.17818

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