Search arXiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2609.19293

Electroweak balls: non-topological solitons in the Weinberg-Salam theory

Carlos Herdeiro·Jutta Kunz·Burkhard Kleihaus·Eugen Radu
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

We construct a new class of smooth, finite-energy solitons in the bosonic $SU(2)\times U(1)$ Weinberg-Salam theory, which we dub $electroweak$ $balls$. Their localization mechanism is analogous in spirit to that of $Q$-balls: the charged vector fields possess a harmonic time dependence while the energy-momentum tensor remains time independent. We explicitly construct both spherically symmetric electric-type solutions and axisymmetric magnetic-type solutions, and show that they form families characterized by a finite frequency interval, a mass gap, and a two-branch structure. These configurations provide electroweak counterparts of Proca-Higgs balls, with the vector-boson masses generated by the Higgs mechanism rather than introduced explicitly. The construction is not tied to the measured parameters of the Standard Model. More generally, it applies to bosonic electroweak-type sectors with different gauge couplings, Higgs self-coupling and symmetry-breaking scale, and hence potentially very different characteristic particle and soliton mass scales. For the families studied here, we do not find solutions at the measured Standard Model couplings and mass ratios.

Explore related subjects

hep-thgr-qc

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Carlos Herdeiro, Jutta Kunz, Burkhard Kleihaus, Eugen Radu. 2026-09-16. Electroweak balls: non-topological solitons in the Weinberg-Salam theory. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19293

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Gaillard-Zumino non-invertible symmetries

We uncover an infinite class of novel zero-form non-invertible symmetries in a broad family of four-dimensional models, studied years ago by Gaillard and Zumino (GZ), which includes several extended supergravities as particular subcases. The GZ models consist of abelian gauge fields coupled to a neutral sector, typically including a set of scalars, whose equations of motion are classically invariant under a continuous group $\mathscr{G}$ acting on the electric and magnetic field strengths via symplectic transformations. The standard lore holds that, at the quantum level, these symmetries are broken to an integral subgroup $\mathscr{G}_\mathbb{Z}$. We show that, in fact, a much larger subgroup $\mathscr{G}_\mathbb{Q}$ survives, albeit through non-invertible topological defects. We explicitly construct these defects and compute some of their fusion rules. As illustrative examples, we consider the axion-dilaton-Maxwell model and the bosonic sector of a class of $\mathcal{N}=2$ supergravities of the kind that appear in type II Calabi-Yau compactifications. Finally, we comment on how (part of) these non-invertible zero-form symmetries can be broken by gauging the $\mathscr{G}_\mathbb{Z}$ subgroup of invertible symmetries.

hep-th↗
arXiv2026

On the resolution of categorical symmetries in (Non-) Unitary Rational CFTs

We explore several aspects of categorical symmetry-resolved entanglement entropy (SREE) directly within two-dimensional rational conformal field theory (RCFT) (without invoking any SymTFT construction arXiv:2409.02806). We derive a general formula applicable whenever the action of the relevant topological defect lines on the annulus Hilbert space is known. This framework accommodates weakly and strongly symmetric boundaries, cloaking states, and fusion rings with multiplicities. We verify the formula in a range of diagonal unitary and non-unitary examples, including theories with generalized Haagerup-Izumi modular data. Furthermore, we extend the analysis to non-diagonal RCFTs. The $\frac{1}{2}E_6$ example demonstrates that closed-channel modular data and NIM-rep multiplicities alone do not suffice to determine the defect action on the complete open-channel Hilbert space.

hep-th↗
arXiv2026

Reflecting boundary conditions in critical loop models

In critical loop models, we call a boundary sticky if loops can attach to it, and reflecting otherwise. Using analytic bootstrap methods, we show that reflecting boundaries are characterised by one complex parameter, analogous to the boundary cosmological constant in Liouville theory. We determine disc 1-point functions, and write an explicit formula for disc 2-point functions as infinite combinations of conformal blocks. We also sketch the lattice interpretation of reflecting boundaries.

hep-th↗