The high-velocity dark matter halo of the Milky Way in light of the LZ 248 keV event

Abstract

The interpretation of high-energy nuclear recoil events in direct-detection experiments can depend sensitively on the poorly understood high-speed tail of the Galactic dark matter velocity distribution. This fact has been brought into sharper focus recently by an anomalous nuclear-recoil event at $E_R\approx248~\mathrm{keV}$ observed by the LZ experiment. If interpreted as caused by a dark-matter-induced recoil, kinematic constraints on many models imply this particle would have to emerge from the high-speed tail. Here, we re-assess this astrophysical uncertainty using Milky Way analogues from the IllustrisTNG and FIRE simulations. We find that the maximum laboratory-frame DM speed on June 16, when the event was observed, is $792.7^{+82.9}_{-95.6}\, \mathrm{km/s}$ (median and 95\% containment across simulations), with a median very close to the fiducial SHM value. Modelling the tail of the velocity distribution in three dimensions is complicated by the fact that these simulated dark matter halos are anisotropic and are generically seen to spin in the same direction as the baryonic disk. However, we find that this does not reduce the maximum laboratory-frame DM speed because the approximately Gaussian azimuthal velocity distribution is negatively skewed by this co-rotation, rather than shifted by it. We illustrate these results in the context of an inelastic dark matter interpretation of the LZ event.