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arXiv · 2609.21490

Benchmarking Gender Bias in Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics across Occupations

Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis·Giorgos Filandrianos·Wafaa Mohammed·Giuseppe Attanasio·Chrysoula Zerva
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Abstract

Gender bias remains a persistent concern in machine translation (MT), affecting both generated translations and their automatic evaluation. When a source text leaves a person's gender unspecified, translations may realize that person using masculine or feminine forms, and both MT systems and evaluation metrics may exhibit systematic preferences between these alternatives despite the source providing no basis for such a distinction. We study this behavior in the WMT 2026 Automated Translation Quality Evaluation Systems Shared Task using an occupation-balanced subset of GAMBIT+. We consider seven English-source language pairs, six from the original dataset, targeting Arabic, Czech, Greek, Icelandic, Russian, and Ukrainian, and extend the original resource with German. The subset contains 1,308 masculine/feminine translation pairs per target language, with three examples for each of the 436 ISCO-08 occupational groups. We evaluate shared-task submissions and baselines for score prediction and error annotation, examining the direction, magnitude, and frequency of gender-related differences. We find an overall tendency for masculine translations to receive higher scores, as well as differences per occupation following stereotypical gender representations, although the strength and consistency of this preference vary considerably across evaluators and languages. Our results show that gender bias remains present in MT evaluation, but that capturing its extent requires looking beyond a single aggregate measure to complementary dimensions of evaluator behavior.

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Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis, Giorgos Filandrianos, Wafaa Mohammed, Giuseppe Attanasio, Chrysoula Zerva. 2026-09-18. Benchmarking Gender Bias in Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics across Occupations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.21490

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