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arXiv · 2609.22127

Beyond Accuracy and Surface Fluency: Risk-Sensitive Evaluation of LLMs for Legal Clause Generation

Devansh Singh·Sundaraparipurnan Narayanan
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Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to draft contractual language, yet conventional accuracy or preference-based evaluations are poorly matched to legal drafting. A clause may be fluent and stylistically polished while still omitting an essential carve-out, allocating risk in an unenforceable way, assuming an inapplicable jurisdiction, or exposing a party to regulatory liability. This paper presents a empirical study design and framework for evaluating LLM-generated contract clauses. The study evaluates four models - Claude Haiku 4.5, Gemini 2.5 Flash Lite, GPT 5.4 Nano, and Qwen 3.5 Flash, across 22 contract clause categories and 34 legally-motivated failure modes. We combine two evaluation frameworks: CLAUSE, which classifies prompts by legal function and failure target, and LENS-CRAFT, which scores outputs across nine legal-quality dimensions. Instead of averaging dimension scores, the study applies a Max Severity Principle so that a single legally decisive defect remains visible. The paper provides the evaluation protocol, taxonomy, analysis plan, and a results structure for reporting empirical findings. We argue that legal AI evaluation should move beyond aggregate accuracy toward clause-specific, failure-mode-driven, and risk-sensitive assessment.

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Devansh Singh, Sundaraparipurnan Narayanan. 2026-08-22. Beyond Accuracy and Surface Fluency: Risk-Sensitive Evaluation of LLMs for Legal Clause Generation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22127

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