Utility-Aware Adaptive Downlink DM-RS Allocation from Uplink CSI for Lightweight O-DU dApps

Abstract

Adaptive demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) placement in 5G New Radio (NR) trades pilot overhead against channel-tracking robustness, making a single static density suboptimal across heterogeneous mobility and propagation regimes. This paper studies a lightweight per-UE controller intended for O-DU-side distributed application (dApp) execution. The controller consumes eleven deployable uplink-CSI statistics and selects among six standards-derived PDSCH DM-RS configurations. Rather than optimize oracle-class accuracy, we train an 11-128-64-32-6 multilayer perceptron with a utility-aware objective that preserves the throughput structure of all candidate actions. In a large-scale trajectory-disjoint evaluation covering 294 channel/speed/SNR conditions and 7,056 observations, the proposed U-SoftCE policy significantly improves throughput over a training-selected best fixed pattern by 1.30, 0.86, and 1.13 percentage points on in-distribution, CDL channel-OOD, and 300-km/h mobility-OOD splits, respectively; paired 95% bootstrap intervals exclude zero in all three cases. An independent bit-accurate Sionna NR LDPC validation over 36 held-out conditions and 50 transport blocks per candidate retains a +1.21-point gain with a 95% cluster-bootstrap interval of [0.27, 2.13]. A native C++ implementation uses 12,070 dense parameters and requires 5.59 microseconds mean inference time, while a FlexRIC-based emulated O-DU prototype demonstrates sub-10-ms closed-loop operation. These results support utility-aware objectives for compact adaptive PHY controllers while exposing the limits of exact class-accuracy optimization.