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arXiv · 2609.22394

On different notions related to APN mappings

René Rodríguez-Aldama·Ajla Šehović·Enes Pasalic·Sadmir Kudin
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Abstract

An APN mapping $F:\mathbb{F}_{2^n}\to \mathbb{F}_{2^n}$ is a polynomial characterized by the non-vanishing property on 2-flats. In this work, we analyze notions that are closely related to this property. To understand which $k$-flats of $\mathbb{F}_{2^n}$ remain flats under $F$, we study the $k$-breaking. The function $x^{-1}$ has been studied in the past in this context---we extend this study to general mappings and characterize the 2-breaking of APN functions. Recently, two generalizations of the APN property have been introduced: $k$-strongly non-normality and $k$-th-order sum-freedom. Sum-freedom generalizes the non-vanishing property of APN functions to higher dimensional flats. We provide in-depth observations of the relations between the breaking property, strongly non-normality and sum-freedom. We show that a 3rd-order sum-free APN function must be 3-breaking. We introduce a fourth concept called $k$-strongly breaking, which implies the breaking property. We derive several structural results for both notions and give a characterization of a subclass of APN functions in terms of the 2-strongly breaking property. We propose a different perspective of the non-vanishing property via a natural character transformation, which is closely related to the sum-of-square indicator of the components of $F$. We derive a precise value for the total sum of the sum-of-square indicators of $F$. With this approach, we provide a simple answer to Open Problem 4 in IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 52(9): 4160-4170, 2006. Moreover, it allows us to explore balancedness properties of polynomials, one of which characterizes component-wise APNness, for odd $n$, and provides a natural extension to any dimension. We show that Dillon's APN permutation and the Gold functions satisfy a related property, termed $k$-balanced, which is presented under our framework.

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René Rodríguez-Aldama, Ajla Šehović, Enes Pasalic, Sadmir Kudin. 2026-09-18. On different notions related to APN mappings. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22394

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