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arXiv · 2609.22415

Complex-valued Phase-Coherent Transformers

Leona Hioki
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Abstract

Complex-valued Transformers have inherited softmax attention over the raw complex inner product. Outside natively complex domains this standard form stays near chance, and no complex attention had been shown to correct it. We show that the match must be a scaled cosine score: L2-normalise queries and keys, so the score reads their cosine similarity and ignores their magnitudes, and hold that score at order-one scale. With this the same models train on four diagnostic tasks under two different gates; without the normalisation they stay at chance on ListOps and Needle under both gates and fall far below on the other two, and a normalised score placed at too small a scale fails as well. The resulting family of phase-coherent Transformers (\PCT) matches or exceeds the strongest real-valued baseline across long-range memory, positional retrieval, hierarchical reasoning, frequency-domain classification and physical complex signals; it shows no degradation up to depth 20; and its loss decreases log-linearly over a 61-fold range of parameters. A member of the family, complex screening combined with a phase-coherent recurrence, is the first genuinely complex-valued neural network to solve Path-X, with 91.6% of its trainable parameters complex-valued against 38.2% for S4. We record these as signs of generalisation not previously seen in complex-valued neural networks.

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BibTeXRIS

Leona Hioki. 2026-09-18. Complex-valued Phase-Coherent Transformers. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22415

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