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arXiv · 2609.23044

LQG-inspired black hole solutions in (2+1)-dimensions

Zijian Shi·Xiangdong Zhang
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Abstract

It is well known that in (2+1)-dimensional general relativity, black hole solutions exist only in the anti-de Sitter case--the so-called Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) black hole. In this letter, we construct, for the first time, three independent LQG-inspired frameworks for (2+1)-dimensional black holes: the $\barμ$-scheme holonomy corrections, the quantum Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse, and a covariant effective model. Remarkably, all three approaches yield the same qualitative picture: when LQG-inspired corrections are included, we find three distinct types of solutions corresponding to asymptotically flat, anti-de Sitter, and de Sitter geometries. Our results demonstrate that the asymmetry between classical (2+1)-dimensional and (3+1)-dimensional solutions is eliminated upon incorporating effective quantum gravity effects.

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Zijian Shi, Xiangdong Zhang. 2026-09-19. LQG-inspired black hole solutions in (2+1)-dimensions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.23044

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