PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field IV: X-Ray Variability Analysis

Ross Silver; Francesca Civano; Xiurui Zhao; Samantha Creech; S. P. Willner; Christopher N. A. Willmer; Rogier A. Windhorst; Haojing Yan; Anton M. Koekemoer; Rosalia O'Brien; Rafael Ortiz III; Rolf A. Jansen; Gibson B. Bowling; Payaswini Saikia; W. Peter Maksym; Nico Cappelluti; Francesca Fornasini; Massimo Ricotti; Timothy Carleton; Seth H. Cohen; Rachel Honor; Jake Summers; Jordan C. J. D'Silva; Sibasish Laha; Dan Coe; Christopher J. Conselice; Jose M. Diego; Simon P. Driver; Brenda Frye; Norman A. Grogin; Madeline A. Marshall; Nor Pirzkal; Aaron Robotham; Russell E. Ryan Jr

arXiv · 2609.24963

PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field IV: X-Ray Variability Analysis

View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

NuSTAR and XMM-Newton have observed the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Time-Domain Field (TDF) for almost five contiguous years starting in 2019. In that time, the NEP X-ray survey has accumulated 3.5 Ms and 228 ks of quasi-simultaneous NuSTAR and XMM-Newton observations, respectively. This paper presents variability results for the 112 NuSTAR and 453 XMM-Newton sources detected in this field, based solely on the X-ray photometric data. Four NuSTAR sources and 11 XMM-Newton sources varied in at least one band at >=99% confidence. The sources with redshift measurements show a relationship between luminosity and variability with 74% of variable sources brighter than 5x the sensitivity limit of the survey. This is supported by about 1/3 of sources with more than 400 counts detected being variable and only 4 sources with fewer counts showing variability. Variability timescales are not well determined, but variability amplitude tends to be larger on longer timescales.

Explore related subjects

astro-ph.HE

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

Ross Silver, Francesca Civano, Xiurui Zhao, Samantha Creech, S. P. Willner, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Rogier A. Windhorst, Haojing Yan, Anton M. Koekemoer, Rosalia O'Brien, Rafael Ortiz III, Rolf A. Jansen, Gibson B. Bowling, Payaswini Saikia, W. Peter Maksym, Nico Cappelluti, Francesca Fornasini, Massimo Ricotti, Timothy Carleton, Seth H. Cohen, Rachel Honor, Jake Summers, Jordan C. J. D'Silva, Sibasish Laha, Dan Coe, Christopher J. Conselice, Jose M. Diego, Simon P. Driver, Brenda Frye, Norman A. Grogin, Madeline A. Marshall, Nor Pirzkal, Aaron Robotham, Russell E. Ryan Jr. 2026-09-21. PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field IV: X-Ray Variability Analysis. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.24963

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Magnetic Eruption and Nucleosynthesis in GRνMHD Simulations of Spinning Neutron Star Mergers

We present three-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations of equal-mass binary neutron star mergers with varied neutron star spin configurations and second-moment neutrino transport, following the formation and early evolution of long-lived remnants. We compare a fiducial irrotational binary with binaries having spins that are aligned or antialigned with the orbital angular momentum, and examime how spin affects the merger dynamics, magnetic field evolution, outflows, and nucleosynthesis. Compared to the fiducial case, the aligned spin configuration releases more cold, neutron-rich tidal ejecta in the equatorial plane, which enables the development of a more tightly collimated polar outflow erupting from the remnant and inner accretion disk. Conversely, the case with spins antialigned with the orbit experiences a more violent collision at merger, disrupting magnetic amplification, loading the environment with debris, and impeding the propagation of magnetically driven winds. Strong neutrino reprocessing of the polar outflow in the irrotational and aligned spin cases produces $2.4\times 10^{-3}\,M_\odot$ of proton-rich ($Y_e \geq 0.49$) material, resulting in the synthesis of light r-process elements, whose subsequent decay potentially sends a unique electromagnetic signal from long-lived remnants. However, the outflows remain too dense and slow to be consistent with typical short gamma-ray bursts.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

A Multi-Mission Detection Framework for High-Energy Transients: Application to a 13-year Fermi/GBM and Swift/BAT Sample

The detection of faint high-energy transients is becoming increasingly important in time-domain and multi-messenger astronomy, particularly for identifying electromagnetic counterparts to binary neutron star mergers, high-energy neutrino events, and other weak transient phenomena. At present, the sensitivity of gamma-ray and hard X-ray searches is often limited by the detection threshold of individual instruments, leaving a population of faint transients inaccessible to single-mission analyses. To address this limitation, we develop a joint detection framework that combines trigger information from multiple detectors and assigns each candidate a joint association probability, $p_{\text{joint}}$, as a function of the individual detector signal-to-noise ratios. We apply this framework to archival Fermi/GBM and Swift/BAT rates data from 2013-2025. The method effectively separates coincident signals from accidental background associations, suppressing inconsistent coincidences while enhancing the significance of faint events observed by both instruments. We find that, under optimal conditions, a two-mission search can increase the accessible volume for short gamma-ray bursts by up to $60\%$. This framework provides a practical foundation for generalized multi-mission searches, enabling more sensitive exploration of the faint high-energy transient sky and improving the prospects for future multi-messenger discoveries.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

A Brief Review on the Statistical Properties of Fast Radio Bursts

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-duration radio transients of extragalactic origin, whose emission mechanisms and progenitors remain unresolved. Statistical analyses of the rapidly growing samples provide a promising means to constrain the underlying physics. In this review, we synthesize the statistical properties derived from current FRB catalogs, encompassing constraints on dispersion measure, redshift, energy/luminosity functions, repetition rate, and host-galaxy demographics. For repeating FRBs, we examine the statistics of energy, fluence/flux, waiting time, and discuss time-series analyses that reveal memory effects and chaotic dynamics. We further discuss the observational discovery and theoretical interpretation of periodic activity, and survey polarization properties that probe the magneto-ionic environments of FRB sources. Throughout, we emphasize robust empirical trends, account for observational biases and selection effects, and outline outstanding open questions regarding the physical origin of these enigmatic bursts.

astro-ph.HE↗