A nonlinear Newtonian approximation to General Relativity

Abstract

We investigate a nonrelativistic approximation to general relativity that does not require the metric coefficients to be weak perturbations of the Minkowski metric. Instead, we assume a differential hierarchy in which the contributions to the curvature containing second derivatives of the metric dominate over those quadratic in its first derivatives, while the metric-dependent coefficients multiplying the retained terms are kept fully nonlinear. Since this separation is not covariant, we formulate the approximation in harmonic coordinates, where it corresponds to retaining the principal part of the reduced Einstein equations. We show that the truncated Einstein tensor satisfies the contracted Bianchi identities up to the order neglected in the derivative hierarchy, ensuring compatibility with energy--momentum conservation at the retained order. The standard Newtonian equations are recovered in the weak-field regime, whereas outside it the dynamics retains a nonlinear dependence on the lapse and spatial metric. In particular, null geodesics probe the spatial geometry at leading order, suggesting gravitational lensing as a natural setting in which observable departures from the standard weak-field description may arise. We illustrate the construction with a static spatially isotropic configuration and discuss the scope and limitations of the approximation.