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arXiv · 2609.27892

What does anti-Fourier heat-flux agreement validate? Observability of the fourth-order closure state in a rarefied lid-driven cavity

Ehsan Roohi
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Abstract

Cold-to-hot heat transfer is a conspicuous non-equilibrium feature of rarefied cavity flows and is often used to judge whether a continuum closure captures higher-order transport. We examine what such agreement actually establishes. The exact heat-flux balance shows that the fourth-order contribution enters only through the divergence of the composite tensor (A_{ij}=R^{\mathrm{cl}}*{ij}+Δδ*{ij}/3). A compactly supported Airy construction yields an infinite-dimensional family of symmetric divergence-free perturbations that preserve the flux-side wall trace. A two-dimensional-physical, three-dimensional-velocity (2D3V) description also leaves the transverse component (A_{zz}) unobserved. Heat flux therefore cannot uniquely identify the underlying fourth-order state. We test the consequences using direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) ensembles and independent regularized 13-moment (R13) and regularized 26-moment (R26) solutions at two rarefaction levels. Counter-gradient transport and the dominant tensorial channel persist under changes in grid and particle number, whereas the local scalar fourth moment and the spatial organization of the counter-gradient region are more sensitive. A finite-particle-corrected fourth-moment audit shows that more than 95% of the resolved R26--DSMC composite-tensor discrepancy at the higher rarefaction lies in the discrete divergence-null space, whereas projected sampling noise hides only about half of its energy. R26 captures the circulation and heat-flux direction more closely than R13, yet the remaining differences concentrate in the wall and corner layers.

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Ehsan Roohi. 2026-08-21. What does anti-Fourier heat-flux agreement validate? Observability of the fourth-order closure state in a rarefied lid-driven cavity. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27892

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