Sea-State-Induced Performance Transition in Maritime Networks: A Roughness-Aware Stochastic Geometry Framework

Abstract

Analytical studies of maritime wireless networks commonly assume a deterministic smooth sea surface, leaving unclear how realistic ocean conditions reshape network-level reliability. Unlike conventional intuition that sea roughness always deteriorates propagation, this work reveals a non-monotonic sea-state-induced performance transition caused by the competition between interference-null mitigation and coherent reflection loss. This paper develops a physically grounded, sea-state-aware stochastic geometry framework for maritime networks by incorporating sea surface roughness into propagation modeling. Specifically, we derive an effective reflection coefficient based on the classical Rayleigh roughness criterion, where the significant wave height explicitly characterizes the attenuation of the coherent specular reflection component caused by surface roughness. By integrating the proposed channel model into a stochastic geometry framework, we derive tractable expressions for uplink coverage probability under different sea states. Our analysis reveals a non-monotonic impact of sea roughness on network performance under the considered propagation model: moderate roughness can improve reliability-oriented coverage by mitigating destructive interference nulls, whereas stronger roughness attenuates coherent reflected energy and degrades high-SINR performance. Measurement comparisons support the underlying roughness-sensitive reflection mechanism, while rough-sea VHF results are interpreted as wavelength-specific model predictions rather than direct empirical validation.