Recurrent double-peaked $γ$-ray sub-flares in PKS 1424-418

Abstract

We report a hint of recurrent double-peaked $γ$-ray sub-flares in PKS~1424--418 during two similar major active epochs, MJD 56117--56498 and MJD 59669--59978. The candidate double-peaked sub-flares show a characteristic intra-subflare peak separation of $\sim 11.8$ d and a neighbouring-subflare spacing of $\sim 67$ d. Red-noise Monte Carlo tests indicate that the candidate recurrent double-peaked morphology is not easily reproduced by stochastic variability alone, with false-alarm probabilities of $p_{\rm a}=0.0216$ and $p_{\rm b}=0.0006$ for the two active epochs, respectively. In the simulations of the entire \textit{Fermi} Large Area Telescope (LAT) light curve, no red-noise realisation reproduces both epoch-like structures. The spectral energy distribution (SED) modelling shows similar radiative properties for the two peaks of one double-peaked candidate, while changes in the Doppler factor appear to play an important role in the flaring activity. Together with the previously reported near-zero lag between the millimetre and $γ$-ray emission, these results suggest that the recurrent activity may be associated with the compact mm/sub-mm core region. We discuss a possible structured-jet scenario in which a single disturbance propagates through a chain of quasi-stationary recollimation shocks. In this picture, repeated interactions between the disturbance and the shock structure may qualitatively account for both the double-peaked sub-flare profiles and the observed $\sim 11.8$ d and $\sim 67$ d time-scales. Further active epochs are required to determine whether this similarity represents a recurrent long-term behaviour.