Constraining the Quadratic-mode Amplitude Coupling in GW250114

Abstract

Detecting quadratic quasi-normal modes in black hole ringdowns would provide evidence for nonlinear gravitational dynamics, while measuring their properties would enable tests of the corresponding predictions of general relativity. Specifically, second-order black hole perturbation theory predicts that their amplitudes scale with the product of the amplitudes of their parent linear modes, with a coupling coefficient that depends on the spin of the remnant black hole. This mode-specific coupling coefficient has not yet been directly measured from gravitational wave data. Here, we use Bayesian inference on the GW250114 ringdown, modeled with the $220$, $221$, and $220\times220$ modes, to infer the amplitude-coupling coefficient of the $220\times220$ mode. The inferred coefficient is consistent with predictions from numerical relativity fits and second-order perturbation theory; no comparison shows a deviation exceeding $1.3 σ$. Although the current data cannot distinguish among these spin-dependent predictions, this measurement establishes a basis for more stringent observational tests of nonlinear gravitational dynamics in black-hole ringdowns.