Is Broader Better? A Controlled Study of Multilingual Coverage and Pretraining Objective in Frozen SSL Encoders for Speech Deepfake Detection

Benjamin Hurt; Oscar O'Donnell

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arXiv · 2609.29138

Is Broader Better? A Controlled Study of Multilingual Coverage and Pretraining Objective in Frozen SSL Encoders for Speech Deepfake Detection

Benjamin Hurt·Oscar O'Donnell

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Abstract

Frozen self-supervised (SSL) speech encoders are strong, low-cost front ends for audio deepfake detection, and recent comparisons agree that large, multilingual, discriminative encoders generalize best out of domain. These comparisons fail to control for encoder capacity, pretraining objective, and multilingual coverage together, identifying which encoder wins without isolating why. We present a controlled decomposition with a fixed pipeline and trainable capacity. We vary multilingual coverage on four wav2vec2-family encoders, matched to ~315M parameters. We isolate the pretraining objective on two encoders matched on identical data. Coverage does not help monotonically, as out-of-domain error drops sharply at the ~100-language scale (XLS-R) but does not improve further at the 1406-language extreme (MMS). We find that a mid-coverage encoder is strongest on farther out-of-domain sets, matching or surpassing a 577M-parameter model at 315M. Its lead on these far sets, statistically significant under paired bootstrap, and on the official ASVspoof 5 cost metric holds under two backends. Separately, masked-prediction pretraining generalizes better than contrastive on identical data (In-the-Wild EER 26.5% vs. 46.8%). Within this fixed frozen-encoder recipe, we find that broader and larger models are not reliably better.

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BibTeX RIS

Benjamin Hurt, Oscar O'Donnell. 2026-09-24. Is Broader Better? A Controlled Study of Multilingual Coverage and Pretraining Objective in Frozen SSL Encoders for Speech Deepfake Detection. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29138

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