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arXiv · 2609.30252

Simulating the thermodynamics of gas, radiation, and multispecies dust: Method and applications to protoplanetary disks

Dhruv Muley·David Melon Fuksman·Prakruti Sudarshan·Alexandros Ziampras·Mario Flock
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Abstract

The thermodynamics of protoplanetary disks, governed by a complex interplay between gas, dust, and radiation, exerts a strong influence on their morphology and dynamics at both large and small scales. Historically, hydrodynamical simulations have treated thermodynamics with approximate prescriptions, such as local isothermality, parametrized $β$-cooling, and radiation hydrodynamics with gas-dust thermal equilibrium. However, a more comprehensive and self-consistent approach would more accurately reproduce the wealth of features found in observations, which in modern times have reached unprecedented spectral, angular, and vertical resolution. With this motivation, we have devised a radiation-hydrodynamics scheme for the PLUTO code with energy exchange (via absorption, emission, and collisions) for gas, radiation, and multiple species of dust. Dust-gas dynamics are handled by treating each dust species as a pressureless, diffusive fluid, ensuring that our scheme can represent changes in disk illumination caused by grain settling and trapping. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme in several test problems, and conclude by discussing its relevance to open questions in protoplanetary disk studies.

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Dhruv Muley, David Melon Fuksman, Prakruti Sudarshan, Alexandros Ziampras, Mario Flock. 2026-09-24. Simulating the thermodynamics of gas, radiation, and multispecies dust: Method and applications to protoplanetary disks. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30252

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