Automated Artifact Removal in EEG Age Prediction: A systematic comparison

Abstract

Automated EEG artifact removal may improve downstream analysis but can also alter predictive information. We benchmarked nine automated artifact removal methods against a common no-artifact-removal baseline for cross-dataset EEG age prediction. We introduce Signal Quality Index (SQI)-guided GEDAI, which leverages local signal-quality assessment to restrict correction to the channel--epoch pairs requiring intervention. Three deep neural architectures were trained on TUEG and evaluated without target-domain fitting on ds005385, LEMON, and TDBRAIN. Across this setting, GEDAI and SQI-guided GEDAI were the only methods with consistent gains over baseline in age prediction performance across all datasets and architectures ($Δ$MAE $=-0.77/-0.64$ years, $ΔR^2=+0.083/+0.072$, respectively). The remaining methods were neutral or detrimental on average ($Δ$MAE $=+0.22\pm0.16$ years, $ΔR^2=-0.023\pm0.016$ across methods). The two GEDAI-based methods achieved closely matched performance, while SQI guidance reduced the median modification ratio from $74.78\%$ to $42.80\%$. These findings show that curation benefits are method-dependent and establish SQI guidance as a more selective operating point, leaving more of the original EEG unchanged and limiting the potential loss of neural activity while retaining most of GEDAI's predictive benefit.