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arXiv · 2609.33074

KernelZero: Co-Evolving Proposer and Coder for Continuously Improved GPU Kernel Generation

Changxin Ke·Rui Zhang·Zixiang Fang·Zhenghong Li·Yuanbo Wen·Jiashuo Shen·Shuo Wang·Jiaming Guo·Ling Li·Qi Guo·Yunji Chen
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Abstract

High-performance GPU kernels are essential to modern machine learning systems, yet automatically generating kernels that are both correct and efficient remains challenging. Existing LLM-based approaches face two major limitations: the scarcity of high-quality training data aligned with the model's current capabilities, and the inherent trade-off between kernel correctness and performance. To address these challenges, we propose KernelZero, a co-evolution framework that continuously improves GPU kernel generation through two specialized models: a Proposer that generates Torch modules from API sets and a Coder that translates them into CUDA or Triton kernels. KernelZero uses a frontier-driven module generation mechanism to continuously produce capability-aligned training modules based on the Coder's current weaknesses. It further introduces Correctness-Aware Group Relative Policy Optimization (CA-GRPO), which optimizes performance only after correctness becomes sufficiently reliable. By alternating the optimization of the Proposer and Coder, KernelZero forms an automatic curriculum that enables targeted and training-efficient capability improvement. Empirically, KernelZero-7B surpasses Claude-4.5-Sonnet on CUDA and DeepSeek-V4-Pro on Triton. On KernelBench Level 1 and 2, it achieves CUDA pass@1 scores of 75.8% and 69.6%, respectively, with pass@10 reaching 100% and 97%. On Triton, it achieves pass@1 scores of 77.2% and 72.5%, respectively.

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Changxin Ke, Rui Zhang, Zixiang Fang, Zhenghong Li, Yuanbo Wen, Jiashuo Shen, Shuo Wang, Jiaming Guo, Ling Li, Qi Guo, Yunji Chen. 2026-09-27. KernelZero: Co-Evolving Proposer and Coder for Continuously Improved GPU Kernel Generation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.33074

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