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arXiv · 2609.35414

AI-Based Vulnerability Assessment Capability and Cyber Attack Graph Analysis

Joni Herttuainen·Kirsi Hellsten·Vesa Kuikka·Ambrose Kam·Arlanda Johnson·David Welsh·Kimmo K. Kaski
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Abstract

Cyber threats targeting mission-critical infrastructure are becoming more sophisticated while the barrier to launching attacks continues to fall. Traditional point solutions like antivirus and firewalls are reactive and fail to address the combinatorial complexity of modern attack surfaces. This paper presents an investigation combining two complementary methodologies: Lockheed Martin's Vortex/Crow framework, which applies multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) over industry-standard cyber knowledge graph to identify and prioritize attack vectors and TTPs (tactics, techniques, and procedures); and Aalto's probabilistic attack graph model that combines network topology and its vulnerabilities to compute system-level risk metrics. The 2015 Ukraine Power Grid cyberattack serves as a well-documented validation scenario. Applied independently to the same operational technology (OT) network topology, both methodologies converge on the same attack vectors and exploit sequences as those documented in the incident record, thus providing mutual cross-validation. Attack graph analyses using node-level elimination experiments identify industrial control systems (ICS) as the most critical enablers of attack propagation, representing high-priority targets for defensive hardening. Comparison of CVSS (v2.0) and IronMiner vulnerability scoring yields in general consistent results, with IronMiner providing more actionable differentiation at network periphery nodes. The layered methodology of baseline assessment and node-level elimination proves to be scalable to large enterprise networks, thus offering defenders a structured, AI-enabled path to prioritize mitigation under realistic time and resource constraints.

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Joni Herttuainen, Kirsi Hellsten, Vesa Kuikka, Ambrose Kam, Arlanda Johnson, David Welsh, Kimmo K. Kaski. 2026-09-28. AI-Based Vulnerability Assessment Capability and Cyber Attack Graph Analysis. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35414

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