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arXiv · 2609.36194

Concept Direction Reliability Across Languages with Different Tokenizer Fertility

Muhammad Abdullahi Said·Abass Oguntade·Elisha Komolafe·Babangida Sani·Fatima Muhammad Adam·Muhammad Sammani Sani
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Abstract

Extracted sentiment directions can vary across samples even when downstream sentiment classification remains accurate. To evaluate direction reproducibility, we measure split-half agreement in English, Hausa, and Yoruba representations across four language models using both native and translated texts. We identify layers selected for agreement using ten topics and evaluate direction agreement across separate groups of fifteen topics. Using the final token, split-half agreement ranges from 0.737 to 0.870 for English, 0.589 to 0.762 for Hausa, and 0.101 to 0.399 for Yoruba, maintaining this language rank order across all 77 complete model comparisons. Classifiers trained on these same layers consistently predict sentiment above chance, demonstrating that predictive accuracy does not imply directional consistency. Furthermore, averaging token representations yields less consistent agreement, and high agreement can partially reflect sentence length. Ultimately, our findings highlight the need to measure vector direction reproducibility independently of classification performance, though they do not establish that tokenizer fertility which is the average number of tokens per whitespace separated word causes cross-lingual differences.

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Muhammad Abdullahi Said, Abass Oguntade, Elisha Komolafe, Babangida Sani, Fatima Muhammad Adam, Muhammad Sammani Sani. 2026-09-28. Concept Direction Reliability Across Languages with Different Tokenizer Fertility. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36194

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