Mixed-Precision Computing for Scientific Discovery: Formats, Co-Design, and Responsible Approximation

Emmanuel Agullo; Hartwig Anzt; Daniel Bauer; David Bindel; Alfredo Buttari; Alexandru Calotoiu; Erin Claire Carson; Pasqua D'Ambra; Ieva Daužickaitė; James W. Demmel; Jack Dongarra; Iain Duff; Massimiliano Fasi; Dominik Göddeke; Stef Graillat; Laslo Hunhold; Roman Iakymchuk; Fabienne Jézéquel; Nils Kohl; Harald Köstler; Jakub Kružík; Julien Langou; Xiaoye Sherry Li; Hatem Ltaief; Piotr Luszczek; Yuxin Ma; Theo Mary; Mantas Mikaitis; Hiroyuki Ootomo; Daniel Osei-Kuffuor; Enrique S. Quintana-Ortí; Ulrich Rüde; Jennifer Scott; John Shalf; Linda Stals; Rasmus Tamstorf; Stefan Turek; Petr Vacek; Bastien Vieublé; Rio Yokota

arXiv · 2609.37137

Mixed-Precision Computing for Scientific Discovery: Formats, Co-Design, and Responsible Approximation

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Abstract

Reduced and mixed precision have moved from a niche optimization to a central design axis in scientific computing and engineering, driven by energy constraints, heterogeneous accelerators, and the convergence of simulation and machine learning. This paper organizes the landscape around seven coupled themes---number formats, floating-point emulation, emerging architectures, hardware/software co-design, relation to other approximations, software design, and precision as a multilevel resource ---and, for each theme, synthesizes the state of the art, future directions, and open questions. We emphasize \emph{energy per trusted solution} as the core objective, and we frame \say{recklessly responsible} computing as a pragmatic doctrine: exploit low precision aggressively, but with systematic detection, escalation, and certification pathways.

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Emmanuel Agullo, Hartwig Anzt, Daniel Bauer, David Bindel, Alfredo Buttari, Alexandru Calotoiu, Erin Claire Carson, Pasqua D'Ambra, Ieva Daužickaitė, James W. Demmel, Jack Dongarra, Iain Duff, Massimiliano Fasi, Dominik Göddeke, Stef Graillat, Laslo Hunhold, Roman Iakymchuk, Fabienne Jézéquel, Nils Kohl, Harald Köstler, Jakub Kružík, Julien Langou, Xiaoye Sherry Li, Hatem Ltaief, Piotr Luszczek, Yuxin Ma, Theo Mary, Mantas Mikaitis, Hiroyuki Ootomo, Daniel Osei-Kuffuor, Enrique S. Quintana-Ortí, Ulrich Rüde, Jennifer Scott, John Shalf, Linda Stals, Rasmus Tamstorf, Stefan Turek, Petr Vacek, Bastien Vieublé, Rio Yokota. 2026-09-29. Mixed-Precision Computing for Scientific Discovery: Formats, Co-Design, and Responsible Approximation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37137

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