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arXiv · 2609.38048

A QCQP-Representable IMU Pre-Integration Factor for Certifiable State Estimation

Utkarsh Rai·Zhexin Xu·Bang-Shien Chen·David Rosen
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Abstract

We propose a QCQP-representable IMU pre-integration factor that enables certifiable estimation with pre-integrated inertial measurements. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to directly incorporate IMU pre-integration into certifiable estimation. Inertial sensing is a common and reliable modality in robotics, and incorporating it broadens the practical scope of certifiable estimation. The main challenges are obtaining the required algebraic structure and a sufficiently tight convex relaxation. Standard IMU pre-integration relies on the exponential map, which does not admit an exact polynomial representation. Moreover, obtaining a QCQP formulation requires auxiliary lifting variables, for which the standard semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation can be loose. We address these issues by deriving an IMU pre-integration factor based on the Cayley map and an explicit set of redundant constraints that tighten the resulting relaxation. To validate the proposed factor, we apply it to certifiable GNSS-IMU smoothing and evaluate it on synthetic and real-world data. The results show that the proposed formulation yields tight relaxations and solves the resulting estimation problems to verified global optimality.

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Utkarsh Rai, Zhexin Xu, Bang-Shien Chen, David Rosen. 2026-09-29. A QCQP-Representable IMU Pre-Integration Factor for Certifiable State Estimation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.38048

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