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arXiv · 2609.39236

Nonlinear scalarization and thermodynamics in Einstein-Phantom scalar-Gauss-Bonnet theory

Tian-Zhen Dai·Yun Soo Myung·De-Cheng Zou·Meng-Yun Lai·Hyat Huang·Wen-Cong Gan·Lina Zhang
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Abstract

We study nonlinear scalarization of Schwarzschild black-holes for a phantom scalar coupled to the Gauss--Bonnet invariant. Three polynomial couplings satisfying $ζ''(0)=0$ are introduced to investigate its nonlinear coupling dependence. Since the phantom factor $ε$ disappears in the probe scalar equation, its nonlinear evolution is the same as in the canonical scalar theory. We construct nodeless probe solutions and fully backreacted two branches of lower and primary. At equal mass and equal temperature, respectively, the lower branches have higher Wald entropy and lower Helmholtz free energy than primary branch, but their heat capacities are negative. This implies that lower branch favors than primary branch. Finally, we show that there is no nonlinerly stable scalar phase for a phantom kinetic theory.

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Tian-Zhen Dai, Yun Soo Myung, De-Cheng Zou, Meng-Yun Lai, Hyat Huang, Wen-Cong Gan, Lina Zhang. 2026-10-01. Nonlinear scalarization and thermodynamics in Einstein-Phantom scalar-Gauss-Bonnet theory. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.39236

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