Cost-Informed Learning for Aggregating Building HVAC Flexibility

Abstract

This paper develops a cost-informed aggregation framework that learns an aggregate flexibility set of building heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) loads to minimize the aggregator's dispatch cost. Existing aggregation methods mainly use volume-oriented objectives and treat flexibility aggregation and downstream utilization as separate stages. Consequently, the resulting aggregate set may fail to preserve the flexibility most valuable for reducing downstream dispatch costs. To address this limitation, we represent aggregate HVAC flexibility using a parameterized storage-form surrogate and jointly learn the surrogate parameters and the inner-approximation objective from downstream dispatch-cost feedback. This cost-informed feedback allocates the surrogate's limited representation capacity to cost-relevant regions of the aggregate flexibility set. To account for electricity-price uncertainty, we formulate a distributionally robust conditional value-at-risk (DR-CVaR) downstream problem that captures both distributional ambiguity and tail risk. For efficient learning, we reformulate the DR-CVaR problem as a convex second-order cone program. We estimate cost gradients using randomized smoothing and a score-function estimator, avoiding differentiation through large-scale building-level optimization problems. Case studies using NYISO price data show that the proposed framework reduces dispatch costs relative to a volume-oriented aggregation benchmark and that suitable risk and ambiguity settings can lower the out-of-sample CVaR of dispatch costs.