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arXiv · 2610.01797

Generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem and Einstein relation in rotating equilibrium

Shuo Fang·Shi Pu
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Abstract

We derive a generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) for vector fields in rotating thermal equilibrium from an exact phase-space Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) relation. The resulting FDT contains rotation-induced tensorial contributions beyond a scalar thermal factor. In the local transport limit, we obtain a model-independent generalized Einstein relation with rotation in which, through second order in thermal vorticity, symmetric momentum diffusion depends on low-frequency spectral information beyond that encoded in the rotation-dependent dissipative drag. Remarkably, we find a new Einstein-type relation linking zero modes in the spectral function to the nonrotating drag coefficient. These zero modes underlie a new mechanism for the orbital polarization of heavy quarkonium. The same FDT constraint yields a modified detailed-balance relation whose first-order vortical correction is governed by transition polarization, without explicit dependence on the bath model. Our findings establish microscopic equilibrium constraints for studying rotating quantum matter in various fields.

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Shuo Fang, Shi Pu. 2026-10-01. Generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem and Einstein relation in rotating equilibrium. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01797

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