Bakamjian--Thomas construction and light-front zero modes in pseudoscalar transitions: A comparison with the covariant Bethe--Salpeter model

Abstract

We examine the role of the Bakamjian--Thomas (BT) construction in achieving current-component independence for pseudoscalar-to-pseudoscalar semileptonic form factors in light-front (LF) dynamics. An exactly solvable covariant Bethe--Salpeter (BS) model provides an off-shell benchmark. Its transverse-current zero-mode contribution is calculated directly from the shrinking nonvalence region and reproduced by an effective operator in the valence convolution. In the BT-based LF quark model, the one-body current kernel is constructed from on-shell constituent spinors, while interactions are encoded in the mass operator and wave functions. In this realization, the $(+,\perp)$ current-component extraction is zero-mode free and is saturated by the on-shell overlap. Using the free constituent invariant masses consistently in the internal projections yields the same $f_-(q^2)$ from the $(+,\perp)$ and $(+,-)$ current-component extractions after integration. We establish this equality analytically for rotationally invariant radial wave functions with the LF Jacobian and the adopted pseudoscalar spin coupling, provided the reduced overlaps converge. The difference from the minus-current projection using physical meson masses defines an interaction-dependent BT completion, distinct from the BS endpoint contribution. A mass-weighted complex transverse contour permits direct evaluation of the Gaussian $D\to K$ overlaps throughout the physical timelike interval, including zero recoil, without a form-factor parametrization or extrapolation. These results establish current-component independence within the specified BT realization and clarify the dynamical dependence of zero-mode assignments.