Free fermion models with an operator entanglement growing as $O(\sqrt{t})$

Abstract

We study the time evolution of the Operator Space Entanglement Entropy (OSEE) of one-dimensional number-conserving free fermions subject to a random space- and time-dependent evolution. It is known that, in free-fermion systems without randomness, the OSEE of \emph{local} operators grows at most \emph{logarithmically} in time. Here we show that, in the presence of randomness, the OSEE of local spin operators involving a Jordan-Wigner string grows as $\mathcal O(\sqrt t)$, for all values of the Rényi index. We establish this in two models: a Brownian Hamiltonian and a brick-wall matchgate circuit. We also consider the OSEE of the evolution operator, and we show that it also grows as $\mathcal O(\sqrt{t})$, in contrast with the linear growth generically expected without randomness. We analytically compute the average entropies of the two operators by mapping the quantum models to the symmetric simple exclusion process, relying on an assumption of self-averaging which we support numerically. We also consider two other types of randomness: random evolution in time that keeps spatial translation invariance, and quenched disorder. In the former case, we find that the OSEE also grows as $\sqrt{t}$. In the latter case, we find that the entropy grows as $\mathcal O( \log \log t)$ for Hamiltonian evolution both for local operators with a Jordan-Wigner string and for the evolution operator, whereas it remains bounded at all times in the brick-wall matchgate circuit.