Time-domain analysis of scalar perturbations of Kerr--Newman black holes with Chern--Simons and Maxwell couplings

Abstract

To study the onset of scalarization, we investigate linear scalar perturbations around Kerr--Newman black holes in the Einstein-Chern-Simons-Maxwell-scalar theory with quadratic Chern--Simons (CS) coupling $γ$ ($\hatγ=γ/M^2$) and Maxwell coupling $η$. For this purpose, we employ hyperboloidal Rácz--Tóth evolution and a stationary axisymmetric zero-mode computation. The resulting thresholds are compared with the time-domain response at representative points. For $\hatγ=0$, we find two asymmetric threshold branches in $η$, while for $\hatγ=η$, the two branches have opposite signs and unequal magnitudes. For unequal CS and Maxwell couplings, the two real threshold branches merge as the spin or CS coupling increases.