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arXiv · 2610.07475

Adapting to Changes in Agent Behavior via Finite-Depth Policy Sensitivity

Lan Shi·Daigo Shishika·Xuan Wang
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Abstract

Adapting a reinforcement learning policy to changes in another agent's behavior typically requires a large amount of new interaction data. Policy sensitivity provides a first-order prediction of how a locally optimal policy changes with a behavioral parameter, but its computation requires second-order derivatives whose effects propagate across future interactions. We develop a finite-depth framework to estimate this sensitivity by approximating the policy Hessian and mixed derivative using information from a reference environment. The method features an adjustable propagation depth which determines where derivative propagation along the trajectory is truncated. We characterize the derivative contributions omitted by finite-depth propagation and derive truncation-error bounds for the approximated derivatives and resulting policy sensitivity. The bounds are nonincreasing with propagation depth and vanish at full-horizon propagation. Using a belief-driven pursuit-evasion game as a validation scenario, the proposed method generally achieves lower derivative-estimation errors as the propagation depth increases and outperforms the baseline methods in both estimation accuracy and policy adaptation. The sensitivity-based initialization improves zero-shot return over direct transfer, and also shows advantages for the subsequent fine-tuning in the target environment.

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Lan Shi, Daigo Shishika, Xuan Wang. 2026-10-05. Adapting to Changes in Agent Behavior via Finite-Depth Policy Sensitivity. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07475

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