Robust Prediction of Internal Wave-Affected Multi-Scale Sound Speed Distribution Using Lightweight Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks with Hybrid Basis Functions

Abstract

The underwater sound speed distribution directly governs acoustic propagation paths, rendering it critically important for underwater acoustic communication and target localization. Conventional sound speed profile (SSP) prediction methods provide a good way to estimate the underwater sound speed distribution without on-site data measurement, thus breaking through the coverage area constraints of sonar observation equipment and making the model universal in most marine areas. However, underwater sound speed exhibits multi-scale variations, such as diurnal, quarterly, and intermittent fluctuations caused by ocean processes such as internal waves. This makes it difficult for the fixed structure models in existing methods to have good generalization ability for multi-scale sound speed distribution patterns. To tackle this problem, we proposed a lightweight hybrid basis-function empowered Kolmogorov-Arnold network (LHBF-KAN) model for multi-scale sound speed prediction. We aim to construct a multi-branch representation layer in which different basis functions respond to distinct temporal patterns, from slowly varying background trends to rapid fluctuations induced by dynamic ocean processes, allowing the model to naturally accommodate the inherently multi-scale evolution of sound speed at different depths. To prevent the multi-branch structure from increasing model size, a pruning strategy is further introduced to suppress branches with consistently low contribution during training, yielding a compact architecture, suitable for deployment on resource constrained underwater platforms.