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arXiv · 2610.11530

Gaseous SiO and Silicate Clouds in Three Benchmark Early-L Dwarfs

Zhijun Tu·Shu Wang·Xiaodian Chen·Haomiao Huang·Jifeng Liu
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Abstract

Tracing silicon from gaseous SiO into silicate condensates provides a direct view of the condensation process that forms silicate clouds in L-dwarf atmospheres. Here we present evidence for gaseous SiO in three benchmark early-L dwarfs, HD 89744B, GJ 1048B, and LSPM J0632+5053B, using JWST/NIRSpec and MIRI spectroscopy. Atmospheric retrievals with and without SiO under multiple cloud prescriptions identify the strongest SiO signatures at 4.0--4.2 and 7.7--8.2 $μ$m, with the local likelihood diagnostic reaching $4.6σ$. In the physical cloud retrievals, the 8 $μ$m band probes lower pressures than the 4 $μ$m overtone, reaching atmospheric layers where equilibrium SiO is more strongly depleted by silicate condensation. All three objects also show compact Fe opacity at pressures of a few bar. Their inferred gas-phase C/O ratios are consistent with expectations from the host-star compositions after accounting for refractory oxygen sequestration. Within the adopted Mie treatment of amorphous silicate grains, the silicate mineralogies favor Mg$_2$SiO$_4$ for HD 89744B and a mixed Mg$_2$SiO$_4$+MgSiO$_3$ cloud for GJ 1048B. Extending this framework to cooler L dwarfs will trace the coupled evolution of gaseous SiO depletion and silicate-cloud formation along the L-dwarf sequence.

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Zhijun Tu, Shu Wang, Xiaodian Chen, Haomiao Huang, Jifeng Liu. 2026-10-08. Gaseous SiO and Silicate Clouds in Three Benchmark Early-L Dwarfs. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11530

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