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arXiv · 2610.16286

Metasurface quantum graphs for polarization-independent certified randomness

Xing Lin·Wenwen Liu·Wange Song·Sixin Chen·Shuang Zhang
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Abstract

Quantum random number generators are crucial for information security, yet existing implementations are hindered by bulky optics, device imperfections, and state alignment constraints. Here, using a compact metasurface platform, we achieve polarization-independent certified randomness by establishing a quantitative quantum graph framework. By mapping multi-channel nanophotonic responses onto graph vertices, we assign metasurface measurements an operational information-theoretic meaning, directly connecting weighted graph degrees to conditional min-entropy estimation. The resulting graph-certified measurements yield robust private randomness even under entanglement-based attacks without complex optics. Experimentally, we fabricate 4- and 6-channel dielectric metasurfaces to implement high-dimensional positive operator-valued measure graphs, successfully certifying randomness with heralded single photons and Poissonian light. By integrating complex quantum measurements into a single passive layer, our metasurface quantum graphs provide a scalable route for integrated quantum technologies.

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Xing Lin, Wenwen Liu, Wange Song, Sixin Chen, Shuang Zhang. 2026-10-12. Metasurface quantum graphs for polarization-independent certified randomness. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.16286

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