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arXiv · 2610.17870

LAG-IO: Multi-IMU State Estimation for Legged Robots Using Factor Graphs

Yicheng Zhou·Longwen Chen·Qinghua Yu·Junhao Xiao·Huimin Lu·Xieyuanli Chen
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Abstract

Robust proprioceptive state estimation is crucial for legged robots, particularly in challenging environments where exteroceptive sensors are unreliable. While traditional leg odometry typically relies on a single body-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) fused with leg kinematics via an extended Kalman filter (EKF), such methods are vulnerable to linearization errors and hard-contact assumptions, leading to severe drift during slippage or dynamic locomotion.In this paper, we propose LAG-IO, a factor graph-based multi-IMU state estimation framework that tightly couples measurements from a main body IMU, multiple leg-mounted IMUs, and joint encoders within a sliding-window optimization. To handle non-stationary foot-ground interactions, we introduce a continuous probabilistic contact detection module based on kernel density estimation (KDE), which adaptively scales the covariance of zero-velocity update (ZUPT) factors. Furthermore, kinematic relative position factors are formulated to structurally anchor the independent leg inertial states to the robot's main body. Experimental results on a quadruped robot across various unstructured terrains demonstrate that, compared to existing baselines, LAG-IO achieves higher planar trajectory accuracy, reduces unobservable vertical divergence, and provides smoother trajectory transitions during unstable contacts, while maintaining competitive attitude observability.

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Yicheng Zhou, Longwen Chen, Qinghua Yu, Junhao Xiao, Huimin Lu, Xieyuanli Chen. 2026-10-13. LAG-IO: Multi-IMU State Estimation for Legged Robots Using Factor Graphs. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.17870

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