Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models for Zero-Shot Human-Object Interaction

Abstract

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated strong zero-shot reasoning across diverse domains, but their potential for Human-Object Interaction (HOI) remains unexplored. Unlike traditional HOI approaches that rely on extensive labeled datasets and fixed interaction taxonomies, MLLMs offer flexible reasoning, making them well-suited for dynamic, real-world scenarios. In this work, we present the first systematic study of MLLMs for HOI recognition and detection within a pipeline that combines an external object detector for entity localization with zero-shot multimodal reasoning for interaction understanding. We introduce a benchmark framework for principled zero-shot evaluation, consisting of (i) a unified taxonomy of zero-shot prompting strategies, and (ii) a methodology that transforms token-level logits into interaction scores, enabling fair comparison with specialized HOI models under standard metrics. To support prompt-based evaluation, we additionally construct new question-answer annotations for standard HOI datasets, transforming them into a format suitable for MLLMs. Building on this, we propose two visual prompting strategies, namely Objects as Context and Black Other Objects, that guide MLLMs to target objects while preserving scene context. Experiments on HICO, HICO-DET, and V-COCO demonstrate state-of-the-art zero-shot performance, achieving 53.50 mAP on HICO and 23.69 mAP on HICO-DET. Overall, our work provides a principled benchmarking framework for MLLMs in HOI, opening the door to new models and datasets and enabling flexible open-world interaction understanding.