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arXiv · 2610.19054

The Generalized BEADS Representation: An Informationally Complete Visualization of Mixed Quantum States

Celina Bräutigam·Steffen J. Glaser·Dennis Huber
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Abstract

A deep understanding of quantum information theory is essential for quantum science and technology. However, quantum mechanics and particularly quantum information theory suffer from a lack of intuitive images. Visualization tools offer novel perspectives on many problems in quantum physics by revealing important properties of quantum states and processes that are otherwise obscured by abstract mathematical formalisms. Here, we extend the previously established BEADS representation of pure states to the so-called generalized BEADS representation of mixed quantum states. We introduce spherical functions, so-called beads to visualize correlation structures of mixed quantum states. A recursive optimization scheme is used to obtain minimum-entanglement pure state decompositions of all subsystems of a given N-qubit state. We show how correlation function components can be decomposed into individual contributions that directly correspond to different types of correlations of mixed states. This allows us to visually characterize the total correlation, genuine n-partite entanglement, nonclassical quantum-discord-type correlations as well as classical correlations. After outlining the mathematical details relevant for constructing the representation, we examine the generalized BEADS representations for various classes of mixed states including product, classically correlated, separable but nonclassically correlated, as well as entangled states. As exemplary applications of the generalized BEADS representation, we showcase entanglement distillation and the effects of noise channels.

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Celina Bräutigam, Steffen J. Glaser, Dennis Huber. 2026-10-13. The Generalized BEADS Representation: An Informationally Complete Visualization of Mixed Quantum States. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.19054

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