Deterministic and Programmable Fusion for Scalable Generation of Photonic Graph States

Abstract

Entanglement in multiphoton graph states is an important resource with various applications, such as measurement-based quantum computing and memory-less quantum repeaters. While some primitive instances have been successfully prepared, scalable generation of large-scale graph states with programmable connections remains an outstanding challenge. Fusion provides a promising "divide-and-conquer" approach by linking smaller resource states into larger, more complex graphs. However, its practical scalability has been limited by the probabilistic nature of conventional fusion protocols, which necessitates extensive hardware overhead and feed-forward resources to achieve deterministic outcomes. Here, we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a deterministic fusion operation with built-in error mitigation, capable of connecting small time-bin-encoded cluster states--originally generated on-demand from a quantum emitter--into larger, reconfigurable photonic graph states of increased sizes. The fusion operation is realized by nondestructively projecting pairs of flying microwave photonic qubits into Bell states using superconducting circuits with in-situ programmability. Crucially, the protocol features active reset and reuse of matter qubits during graph state generation, thereby circumventing the coherence constraints of the quantum emitter and enabling the generation of genuine multipartite entanglement across 13 photonic qubits. Our results establish a scalable framework for photonic graph-state synthesis, paving the way for fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computation and distributed quantum networks.