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arXiv · 2610.20710

Tracing small-scale structure formation through cosmic time with strong gravitational lensing: A case for a next-generation sub-millimetre/millimetre interferometer

Hannah R. Stacey·John P. McKean·Mamta Pandey-Pommier·Carla Cornil-Baïotto·Simona Vegetti·Aristeidis Amvrosiadis·Françoise Combes·Giulia Despali·Andreas L. Faisst·Giovanni Ferrami·Davide Massari·Dieu D. Nguyen·James W. Nightingale·Antti Rantala·Cristiana Spingola
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Abstract

The nature of dark matter and the growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) remain major open questions in modern astrophysics. Both leave a key signature in an overlapping, largely unexplored mass range: $<10^7$ M$_{\odot}$ dark haloes and wandering black holes. These may be undetectable directly, but detectable through gravitational perturbation of strongly lensed images, and partly or entirely distinguishable from one another through lensing data alone. We demonstrate through realistic simulations that a 255-element sub-mm/mm interferometer could probe this critical mass regime, detecting gravitational perturbations in strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) from objects down to at least $10^5$ M$_{\odot}$. Combined with lens-galaxy characterisation from the European Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), which strengthens the physical interpretation of detected perturbers, and the unprecedented lens samples expected from Euclid and the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), this facility could deliver a census of low-mass dark matter haloes and wandering massive black holes across cosmic time.

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Hannah R. Stacey, John P. McKean, Mamta Pandey-Pommier, Carla Cornil-Baïotto, Simona Vegetti, Aristeidis Amvrosiadis, Françoise Combes, Giulia Despali, Andreas L. Faisst, Giovanni Ferrami, Davide Massari, Dieu D. Nguyen, James W. Nightingale, Antti Rantala, Cristiana Spingola. 2026-10-14. Tracing small-scale structure formation through cosmic time with strong gravitational lensing: A case for a next-generation sub-millimetre/millimetre interferometer. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20710

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