ALMA2040: Understanding the Early Assembly of Galaxies - The Formation of Star-Forming Clumps and their Role in Shaping Galaxy Evolution

Anita Zanella; Andreas L. Faisst; Rodrigo Herrera-Camus; Emily Chien; Beleen Alcalde Pampliega; Manuel Aravena; Cecilia Bacchini; Tom Bakx; Andrea Bolamperti; Leindert A. Boogaard; Marusa Bradac; Carla Cornil-Baiotto; Pierre Cox; Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky; Tanio Diaz-Santos; Jeremy Fensch; Jonathan Freundlich; Mahsa Kohandel; Andrea Lapi; Umberto Maio; Juan Molina; Dieu D. Nguyen; Miguel Pereira-Santaella; Francesca Rizzo; Justin Spilker; Hannah Stacey; Livia Vallini; Enrico Veraldi

arXiv · 2610.20730

ALMA2040: Understanding the Early Assembly of Galaxies - The Formation of Star-Forming Clumps and their Role in Shaping Galaxy Evolution

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Abstract

Astrophysics seeks to explain how galaxies form and evolve through the interplay of stars, gas, and dust. Giant molecular clouds (GMCs), the main reservoirs and sites of star formation, link the cold interstellar medium to the birth of stars and stellar structures. Their properties reflect galactic disk conditions, and their evolution is shaped by stellar feedback and host-galaxy dynamics. Studying GMCs across cosmic time is therefore key to understanding how gas turns into stars and drives galaxy evolution. Hubble Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope observations reveal compact star-forming clumps in galaxies from Cosmic Noon to the Epoch of Reionization ($z\approx6$), but their link to the molecular gas reservoir is still unclear. We do not yet know how GMC properties vary with redshift and environment, how molecular gas, dust, and young stars are arranged, or whether clumps form in unstable disks or disturbed systems. Addressing these questions requires spatially resolved observations of the cold interstellar medium at the scales probed by optical/near-infrared facilities. ALMA2040, a transformational next-generation sub-mm facility, will provide the sensitivity and angular resolution needed to detect individual GMCs in representative lensed and unlensed galaxies at $z>1$. CO and [CII], complemented by dust continuum and molecular-gas kinematics, will measure the molecular gas reservoir, its physical conditions, and its dynamical state. Together with JWST and the ELT, ALMA2040 will connect cold gas, dust, and stellar structures across cosmic time. ALMA2040 will revolutionize our understanding of (i) the properties and evolution of GMCs and their connection to star-forming clumps, (ii) the spatial interplay between molecular gas, dust, and young stars, and (iii) the dynamics, survival, and formation of GMCs and stellar clumps.

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Anita Zanella, Andreas L. Faisst, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Emily Chien, Beleen Alcalde Pampliega, Manuel Aravena, Cecilia Bacchini, Tom Bakx, Andrea Bolamperti, Leindert A. Boogaard, Marusa Bradac, Carla Cornil-Baiotto, Pierre Cox, Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Jeremy Fensch, Jonathan Freundlich, Mahsa Kohandel, Andrea Lapi, Umberto Maio, Juan Molina, Dieu D. Nguyen, Miguel Pereira-Santaella, Francesca Rizzo, Justin Spilker, Hannah Stacey, Livia Vallini, Enrico Veraldi. 2026-10-14. ALMA2040: Understanding the Early Assembly of Galaxies - The Formation of Star-Forming Clumps and their Role in Shaping Galaxy Evolution. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20730

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