Understanding cosmic explosions

Karri I. I. Koljonen; Tomek Kamiński; Anna Y. Q. Ho; Thomas Maccarone; Aneurin Evans; María Díaz Trigo; Thomas D. Russell; Dieu D. Nguyen; Dirk Petry; Jakob van den Eijnden; Tanmoy Laskar; Laura Chomiuk; the ALMA2040 Transient; Time-Domain Astronomy working group

arXiv · 2610.20740

Understanding cosmic explosions

Karri I. I. Koljonen·Tomek Kamiński·Anna Y. Q. Ho·Thomas Maccarone·Aneurin Evans·María Díaz Trigo·Thomas D. Russell·Dieu D. Nguyen·Dirk Petry·Jakob van den Eijnden·Tanmoy Laskar·Laura Chomiuk·the ALMA2040 Transient·Time-Domain Astronomy working group

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Abstract

Millimeter-wavelength observations provide a uniquely sensitive window into the physics of cosmic explosions, from supernovae (SNe) and tidal disruption events (TDEs) to nova eruptions, stellar mergers and electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave (GW) sources. Over the past decade, discoveries across the transient sky have revealed that many of the most informative phases of shock interaction, particle acceleration and jet formation unfold at frequencies above the traditional cm-wave domain, where synchrotron self-absorption weakens and thermal, nonthermal and dust components can be disentangled. Upcoming wide-field mm surveys will detect a new population of short-lived transients but will be limited by coarse localization and limited spectral characterization. ALMA2040, with dramatically improved sensitivity, wide instantaneous spectral coverage, rapid-response and sub-arraying modes, polarimetry and extended baselines, is essential for converting these discoveries into robust physical constraints. Here we outline the scientific context, key open questions and the ALMA2040 capabilities required to unlock the full potential of millimeter time-domain astrophysics in the 2040s.

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Karri I. I. Koljonen, Tomek Kamiński, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Thomas Maccarone, Aneurin Evans, María Díaz Trigo, Thomas D. Russell, Dieu D. Nguyen, Dirk Petry, Jakob van den Eijnden, Tanmoy Laskar, Laura Chomiuk, the ALMA2040 Transient, Time-Domain Astronomy working group. 2026-10-14. Understanding cosmic explosions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20740

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