Wavefront Engineering for Physical Layer Security in Near-Field Wireless Communications

Abstract

With wireless transmission exposing information to potential interception by unintended receivers, physical layer security (PLS) offers a promising approach to securing wireless communications. Beamforming can mitigate this vulnerability by exploiting the spatial characteristics of wireless propagation to concentrate power toward the intended receiver while suppressing it at potential eavesdroppers. However, as wireless systems enter the radiating near field of large-aperture antenna arrays, the resulting wavefront curvature provides additional opportunities for spatial wavefront engineering to enhance PLS. In this work, we investigate the use of different beam types for PLS, including focused, curved, abruptly autofocusing, and cosine beams, generated using uniform linear and planar arrays (ULAs/UPAs). To quantify their performance, we introduce power-based metrics that characterize the power received by the legitimate user and a potential eavesdropper. For all beam types we introduce focusing along the vertical UPA direction, to independently control the phase distributions along the two UPA dimensions and enhance the power discrimination between the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. We also propose hollow-focused beams, in which an inactive strip is introduced in the transmitting aperture to create a protected low-power region between the transmitter and the legitimate receiver. The results demonstrate that vertical focusing dramatically enhances the PLS performance and that hollow-focused beams achieve superior PLS performance in both line-of-sight (LoS) and vicinity-of-user (VoU) scenarios.