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arXiv · 2610.22725

Multi-modal transmission forecasting for the Vera C. Rubin Observatory

Peter Xiangyuan Ma·Joshua S. Bloom
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Abstract

In the age of large automated surveys conducted at facilities like the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory, delivering precision science goals demands highly efficient scheduling strategies that remain agile and dynamic to changing environments on the summit. On site, a variety of telemetry informs the scheduler of the best next pointing given the atmosphere's transmission. This live monitoring is provided by the Dutch Rubin Enhanced Atmospheric Monitor (DREAM) all-sky camera. Currently, dynamic scheduling uses short-term predictive algorithms, such as tracking cloud cross-correlations, to anticipate movement at short scheduling timescales. However, many of Rubin's core science objectives require survey strategies to commit to observations 20--40,min in advance (pair mode), which remains out of reach because clouds at those timescales can arrive from beyond the horizon. We developed a single monolithic multimodal strategy that folds asynchronous data from both the DREAM camera and weather satellite imagery to forecast multi-horizon sky transmission at 90,s, 5,min, 20,min, and 30,min in advance. We demonstrate that at 20-minute timescales, our model reduces transmission error by 21% and false-clear misses by 22% versus Rubin's frozen-flow tracker, and reduces false-clear misses by 26% versus persistence. We also demonstrate empirically, through ablations, that the DREAM all-sky camera provides short-horizon predictive power while satellite imagery provides long-horizon predictive power. We estimate the optimistic order-of-magnitude gain for survey efficiency improvement to be between 0.1% to 1%.

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Peter Xiangyuan Ma, Joshua S. Bloom. 2026-10-15. Multi-modal transmission forecasting for the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22725

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