Missing Light, Misleading Confidence: Optical-Module Readout Loss and Signal Reliability in Neutrino Telescopes

Abstract

Optical neutrino telescopes reduce the photomultiplier signals of an optical module or string segment to compact multichannel summaries, and readout loss can make these summaries unreliable. We asked whether availability-based quality gates, which accept a summary when enough of the readout was live, can certify a summary of inter-channel statistical consistency (called coherence here; not optical coherence) under readout loss, and where they fail. We used public IceCube pulses (9,484 string records) and the released hits of KM3NeT event KM3-230213A with controlled readout loss, together with a replay of real KM3NeT readout flags. In a two-by-two design we compared a published recursive support state with direct mask support, and calibrated every threshold on development records. The support state is a function of the mask and added no information. On IceCube the support-gated rule retained 0.16 percentage points more usable summaries, an effect of the window at which support was read that reversed sign at a looser tolerance; on KM3NeT it accepted nothing. The gates accepted only records with nearly intact masks, including records whose charge had been depleted by signal-dependent loss that the mask does not record. Pulse loss during live acquisition and timing jitter passed every availability gate, which then accepted summaries of which up to 66% were unreliable. Availability flags are therefore necessary but not sufficient, and signal-based checks are needed. This work uses public data and is not an IceCube or KM3NeT Collaboration result.