Axion identification in multi-phase models

Abstract

Axion identification in multi-phase models is subtle because local mass eigenstates do not by themselves determine global properties such as the fundamental period and domain-wall number. In this paper, we develop a route to identify the axion in a broad class of multi-phase models, including DFSZ-like theories. The construction involves two reductions: gauge identification and integrating out heavy phase fields. We study these reductions explicitly in two representative two-phase models. Gauge identification reduces the compact field space of the phase fields to a quotient space by identifying points connected by gauge transformations, while integrating out heavy phase fields restricts the low-energy dynamics to nonlinear orbits. Under the stated assumptions and within the validity of the derivative expansion, the physical low-energy field space forms a finite union of $S^1$. The axion is identified as the effective field on an $S^1$ orbit and coincides locally with the lightest mass eigenstate near the vacuum. Its fundamental period and domain-wall number are well-defined and can be determined from the original Lagrangian. Nevertheless, the reduction to a single axion does not capture all properties of topological defects in the original multi-phase theory. In particular, axion strings can retain nontrivial gauge flux, while special defect configurations can involve non-negligible spacetime derivatives of the heavy phase fields and invalidate the single-field reduction. These effects represent fundamental differences between multi-phase and single-phase theories at the level of topological defects.